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Download NEET Biology Study Materials in Tamil

Download NEET Biology Study Materials in Tamil:- If you’re looking to download NEET Biology materials in Tamil, there are a few things you should know. NEET, or the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test, is a highly competitive exam for students who wish to study medicine or dentistry in India. Biology is a crucial subject in the NEET exam, and there are many resources available to help you prepare.
Download NEET Biology Study Materials in Tamil
01 உயிறுலகம்
02 உயிரியல் வகைப்பாடு
03 தாவர வகைப்பாடு
04 விலங்கு வகைப்பாடு
05 தாவர புற அமைப்பியல்
06 தாவர உள்ளமைப்பியல்
07 விலங்கின அமைப்புநிலை
08 செல் உயிரியல்
09 செல் சுழற்சி மற்றும் செல் பகுப்பு
10 உயிரிய மூலக்கூறுகள்
11 தாவரங்களில் நீர் கடத்துதல்
12 கனிம ஊட்டம்
13 ஒளிச்சேர்க்கை
14 தாவரங்களில் சுவாசித்தல்
15 தாவர வளர்ச்சி மற்றும் ஹார்மோன்கள்
16 செரித்தல் மற்றும் உட்கிரகித்தல்
17 சுவாசம் மற்றும் வாயுப்பரிமாற்றம்
18 உடல் திரவம் மற்றும் இரத்த ஓட்டமண்டலம்
19 கழிவு நீக்கமும் ஊடுகலப்பு ஒழுங்குப்பாடும்
20 இடப்பெயர்ச்சி மற்றும் இயக்கம்
21 நரம்பு கட்டுப்பாடும் ஒருங்கிணைவும்
22 வேதி ஒருங்கிணைவு
23 உயிரினங்களில் இனப்பெருக்கம்
24 ஆஞ்ஜியோஸ்பெர்ம்களில் பால் இனப்பெருக்கம்
25 மனித இனப்பெருக்க மண்டலம்
26 மனித இனப்பெருக்க நலம்
27 மரபியல்
28 மூலக்கூறு அடிப்படையிலான பாரம்பரியம்
29 பரிணாமம்
30 மனித உடல் நலம் மற்றும் நோய்கள்
31 உணவு உற்பத்தி மேம்பாட்டு வழிமுறைகள்
32 மனித நலனில் நுண்ணுயிரிகள்
33 உயிர் தொழில் நுட்பவியல்- அடிப்படை கொள்கை
34 உயிரி தொழில் நுட்பவியலின் பயன்பாடுகள்
35 உயிரினங்களும் – சுற்றுச் சூழலும்
36 சூழ்நிலை மண்டலம்
37 உயிரிய பல்வகைமை
38 சுற்றுச்சூழல் பிரச்சனைகள்
In conclusion, there are many resources available to help you prepare for NEET Biology in Tamil. With the right materials and plenty of practice, you can improve your understanding of the subject and increase your chances of success in the exam.
DOWNLOAD MORE NEET TAMIL MEDIUM STUDY MATERIALS
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[PDF] Reproduction in Organisms NEET Biology Study Material

Download Reproduction in Organisms NEET Notes PDF, Reproduction in Organisms Biology Class 11 Notes, Reproduction in Organisms PDF Download:- Hello dear students, get Free Reproduction in Organisms study material PDF. This is Reproduction in Organisms Notes PDF helpful for aspirants of NEET and other exams during last-minute revision. This study materials covers all the important topics and concepts useful for the exam. For a better scoring of the NEET exam, aspirants may download and refer to the NEET study material.
List of Reproduction in Organisms NEET Biology Study Materials
Reproduction in Organisms NCERT E-BOOK PDF
Reproduction in Organisms Notes
Reproduction in Organisms Important Point PDF
Reproduction in Organisms by Allen PDF
Reproduction in Organisms Questions PDF
DISCLAIMER:- This blog does no longer very own these Study Material PDFs neither created nor scanned. We simply share the hyperlink already available on the Internet and other sources. If any manner it violates the law or has any issues then kindly contact us for this Link Removal. I have created this post Just to help poor students who are financially terrible to buy any book from the market. Thank You!
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Reproduction in Lichens (With Simple Diagram) | Lichenology

In this article we will discuss about reproduction in lichens:- vegetative reproduction in lichens, asexual reproduction in lichens and sexual reproduction in lichens
Reproduction in Lichens
The lichens can reproduce in three methods: vegetative, asexual and sexual reproduction.
1. Vegetative Reproduction in Lichens
Vegetative reproduction in lichens takes place by following methods:-
A. Fragmentation
The thallus break into smaller pieces and each fragments will give rise to new thallus.
These new thallus are genetically identical to the parent.
This method is very common in pendant thalli.
E.g., Ramalina reticulata.
B. Isidia
Isidia are small, branched, spiny and elongated outgrowths from the thallus
They contains both algal and fungal cells and covered by cortical layer.
When detached, each isidium has the potential to grow into a new thallus under suitable conditions.
E.g., Peltigera
C. Soredia
Soredia are tiny, powdery granules or bud-like outgrowths typically found on the upper surface or edges of the thalli.
Each soredium consists of few algal cells covered by fungal hyphae.
When soredia detach from the thallus, they are dispersed by wind.
On favourable condition, they germinate and form a new thallus
E.g., Parmedia
2. Asexual Reproduction in Lichens
In lichens, asexual reproduction is limited to the fungal component.
Conidia
The fungal partner produces flask-shaped cavities known as pycnidia
These pycnidia have a narrow opening called an ostiole.
Within this the pycnidium, elongated hyphae known as pycnidiophores are formed.
Tip of the pycnidiophores are produce chains of non-motile, single-celled conidia.
Due to their lightweight and dry nature, these conidia are easily dispersed by wind
Under favourable condition, conidia germinate and produce hyphae.
E.g., Peltigera, Roccella
3. Sexual Reproduction in Lichens
- In lichens, Only the mycobiont partner reproduce sexually.
- The male reproductive structure is called spermogonium, while the female structure is known as the carpogonium.
The Male Sex organs (Spermogonium)
- Spermogonia form within flask-shaped cavities located on the upper surface of the thallus.
- These cavities open to the outside through a small pore known as an ostiole.
- Numerous hyphae arise from the cavity walls, with some being sterile and others fertile.
- The fertile hyphae generate non-motile male gametes called spermatia.
- These spermatia are released in a slimy mass through the ostiole.
The female sex organs (carpogonium)
- The carpogonium develops from hyphae situated deep within the algal layer.
- It consists of two parts: the upper, straight part known as the trichogyne and the lower, coiled part called oogonium.
- The oogonium is located deep within the medullary region of the thallus.
- The terminal part of the trichogyne end with an elongated cell that extends beyond the thallus surface and features a gelatinous cell wall.Fertilization
- The spermatium released from the spermogonium, adheres to the sticky protruding part of the trichogyne.
- Following the dissolution of the common wall, the nucleus of the spermatium migrates into the carpogonium, where it fuses with the female nucleus.
- This fertilization process leads to the development of fruiting bodies
- The type of fruiting body is determined by the fungus associated with the lichen.
- The fungal partner can be either ascomycetes or basidiomycetes.
Ascholichens
- Numerous ascogenous hyphae emerge from the basal region of the fertilized oogonium.
- The diploid nucleus undergoes meiotic division, resulting in the formation of eight haploid ascospores and asci.
- The hymenium consists of asci and paraphyses.
- In Ascholichens, the fruiting body may be either apothecia or peritheciaI. Apothecium
- It is cup-like structure and have a layer of fertile tissues called hymenium or thecium.
- The hymenium is composed of sterile, hair-like hyphae called paraphyses, which are interspersed among sac like asci that contain the ascospores.
- Typically, each ascus contain eight ascospores.
- The asci are freely exposed out side at maturity.
II. Perithecium
- Perithecia are typically flask-shaped reproductive structures.
- They appear as small black dots on the surface of lichen.
- At maturity, a small opening at the apex known as an ostiole, facilitates the release of ascospores.
- Once the ascospores are liberated from the ascus, they germinate in a suitable environment and leading to the formation of new hyphae.Basidiolichens
- Following fertilization, the diploid nucleus undergoes meiosis, resulting in the formation of four haploid nuclei.
- Each haploid nucleus migrates into a small projection called a sterigma, which protrudes from the basidium.
- A cell wall develops around each haploid nucleus, resulting in the formation of a basidiospore.
- These basidiospores are released from the sterigmata and are dispersed by wind or other means.
- When a basidiospore lands in a suitable environment, it germinates and giving rise to a new hypha.
Deuterolichens- They are commonly called as lichen imperfectii
- In this lichens, their fungal partners belonging to the Deuteromycotina division of fungi.
- Sexual reproduction is absent in this group of lichens.Conclusion
- Ascolichens: This is the most common lichen, they have sac-like reproductive structures known as asci (ascocarps), which produce ascospores.
- Basidiolichens: This type lichen has club-shaped reproductive structures known as basidia (basidiocarps), it is responsible for the production of basidiospores.
- Deuteromycetes: This group lichens lack sexual reproduction and primarily reproduce through conidia.
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[PPT] Chemical Coordination and Integration Class 11 Notes
Chemical Coordination and Integration class 11 notes cover Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine system-Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads; Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary Idea)
Chemical Coordination and Integration Class 11 Notes
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