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    Human Evolution Short Note | Evolution Class 12 Notes

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    In this article we will discuss about Human Evolution :- 1.Apes 2.  Ape man 3. Primitive man and 4. Modern man

    • Humans are evolved by gradual evolution
    • Human originated in east Africa
    • Human evolution started 15 mya

    CHANGES OCCURRED IN HUMAN EVOLUTION

    • Left the arboreal life
    • Development of erect posture
    • Bipedal locomotion
    • Increase in the size of brain
    • Development of intelligence
    • Use of for limbs for on locomotory function

    STAGES IN ORIGIN OF MAN

    1. Apes
    2. Ape man
    3. Primitive man
    4. Modern man

    1. APES

    • 15 mya, primates called dryopithecus and ramapithecus were existing

    DRYOPITHECUS

    • Fossils of dryopithecus discovered by LSB Leaky in 1930
    • Dryopithecus is considered as ancestors of modern day apes
    • They had semi erect posture, thick hair, larger and sharper teeth and vegetarian
    • They were forest dwellers and spent most of time on trees

    RAMAPITHECUS

    • Fossils discovered from shivalik hills in India
    • Rampithecus is considered as ancestors of man
    • They had man like dentition & spent most of time on land

    2. APE MAN

    • This stage is intermediate between apes and men
    • Australopithecus was an ape-man because it combined may characters of ape and man
    • It is 2-5 million years old

    AUSTRALOPITHECUS

    • It was discovered by Prof. Raywond Dart
    • Australopithecus probably lived in East African grasslands
    • They hunted with stone weapons but essentially ate fruit
    • They were 4 feet tall and weighed 60-80 pounds
    • It is considered as missing link between apes and man

    3. PRIMITIVE MAN

    • Man originated about 5 mya
    • They are connecting link between australopthecus and modern man
    • Mostly lived in caves and used fire
    • They developed speech and buried dead bodies
    • Some important primitive men

    i) HOMO HABILIS

    • First human like being
    • First known tool maker
    • They did not eat meat
    • Brain capacities were between 650-800cc
    • Fossils were discovered by Dr. Leakey from rocks in Africa

    ii) HOMO ERECTUS

    • Homo erectus was the first true man
    • They had large brain with cranial cavity around 900CC
    • Many subspecies are discovered of Homo erectus as given below

    a) JAVA MAN (HOMO ERECTUS ERECTUS)

    • Fossils was discovered in Java in 1891
    • They used fire for hunting, Protection and cooking
    • They used tools of bones and stones
    • Cranial capacity was 800-1000CC

    b) PEAKING MAN (HOMO ERECTUS PEKINENSIS)

    • W.C. Pei discovered the fossils from china
    • Cranial capacity was 850-1300CC

    4. MODERN MAN

    • Modern man include all the existing men and also some extinct men
    • They appeared 3 mya
    • Modern man originated in Asia around Caspian sea
    • Many subspecies are discovered of homo sapians

    i) NEANDERTHAL MAN (HOMO SAPIENS NEANDERTHALENSIS)

    • They lived east and central Asia
    • Fossil was discovered by Fulhrott in Neanderthal valley of Germany
    • They has brain size of 1400CC
    • Developed speech

    ii) CRO-MAGNON (HOMO SAPIENS FOSSILIS)

    • Cro-Magnon man was first extinct modern man
    • Fossils discovered by Mac Gregor from Cro-Magnon rocks of France
    • He become extinct 20000 Years ago
    • They had cranial capacity of 1650CC
    • They wore clothes of animal skin
    • Domestication was stared by this man
    • They also painted beautiful painting on cave walls

    iii) MODERN MAN (HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS)

    • Arose 75000-10000 years ago
    • This is the man of today having brain capacity of 1300-1600CC
    • This man has well developed chin, speech, smaller head and reduced body hair
    • Agriculture was started around 10000 Years back and human settlements stared

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